It is a set of investigations aimed to unmask any small abnormalities leading to coronary artery diseases. 12hrs fasting is required. It also includes Chest X-Ray and ECG along with the lab tests (CBC, ESR, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides & Apolipoproteins). The profile will be complete if combined with Treadmill Test and Echocardiography.

	This profile is done to detect liver and biliary tract disorders. It includes U/S of the liver along with the lab tests (total proteins, albumin, bilirubin direct & total, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT, GGTP and HBsAg).

	It is a set of investigations aimed at accurate diagnosis of connective tissue disorders. It includes Haemogram, CRP, RA, ANA, LE cell, serum proteins and uric acid.

	It is a set of investigations aimed at early detection of complication of hypertension. 12 hrs fasting is necessary. It Includes Chest X- ray, ECG along with the lab tests (CBC, ESR, urine routine or 24 hrs urine protein, glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, potassium and chlorides.)

	It is a set of investigations aimed at early diagnosis of kidney & Urinary tract disorders. Fasting is necessary. It also includes U/S of Kidney & Bladder along with the lab tests (CBC, ESR, 24 hrs urine protein, creatinine clearance, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, proteins, albumin, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chlorides & alkaline phosphatase).

	It is a set of investigations aimed to detect the abnormalities of lipid levels, which can ultimately lead to heart disease & stroke. The test includes LDL, HDL, VLDL, total cholesterol & triglycerides.

	It is a set of investigations aimed to screen the mother for transmissible diseases to the child. The package includes VDRL, HIV, HBsAg, CBC, FPG/RPG, urea, creatinine, blood group & Rh type and bleeding & clotting time.

	It is total body profile with tests for screening all the sytems of body for common ailments.

	It is a set of investigations aimed to diagnose pancreatitis and associated metabolic abnormalities. Tests include triglycerides, amylase, calcium, lipase and glucose.

	Set of investigations for the accurate diagnosis of Anemia and Jaundice in children. Tests include haemogram, G6PD assay , foetal haemoglobin, reticulocyte count, FDP and osmotic fragility.

	For diagnosis & treatment of joint pains. Test includes ESR, CBC, CRP, Antinuclear antibody, Uric acid & Rheumatoid factor (RA).

	It is a set of investigations aimed to detect the cause of infertility in both male & female patients. Test includes FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone and Testosterone.

	LFT is most often employed to determine 1 The presence of liver disease 2 Type of liver disease 3 The extent and progression/regression of liver disease. Tests included under this package are - Bilirubin total & direct, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Protein, Albumin, Globulins, SGOT, SGPT & GGTP

	It is a primary screening test for kidney disorders & to monitor the patient who is already suffering from the disorder. Test includes Urea, Creatinine, CBC & Urine Complete.

	These are screening tests for diabetes mellitus.
	Fasting plasma glucose more than 127 mg/dL on more than one occasion and postprandial plasma glucose more than 200 mg/dL, after a mixed meal or following oral load of 75g glucose strongly suggests the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Low fasting blood glucose is associated with hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, hypopitutarism, insulinomas, excess dosage of insulin/tablets, excess alcohol intake, massive liver disease and glycogen storage disorders.

	Glucose Tolerance test determines the ability of an individual to utilize a given quantity of glucose given orally. This test is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus in those individuals whose plasma glucose levels are either normal or marginally elevated. In suspected diabetes the patient displays abnormal GTT. The test is usually carried out in the morning after a night fast. Interpretation of test results is done according to a set of criteria.

	This is a test requested to assess the control of glucose levels in treated diabetic patients. The test result indicates average glucose control over past 2 months. This test is also used by diabetologists to assess the compliance of a patient to a given treatment plan.

	Determination of serum cholesterol is requested to predict/modify the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Increased total cholesterol levels are usually due to increase in LDL cholesterol which is the bad cholesterol and is found in hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, nephrotic syndrome and pregnancy.
		Increased LDL & VLDL cholesterol is noted with increasing age and obesity. Low concentration of HDL cholesterol is associated with
	higher risk of coronary heart disease even in the absence of other risk factors. HDL in combination with total cholesterol is a good index of the risk of coronary heart disease.

	Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with increased LDL cholesterol and decreased HDL cholesterol. Increased triglyceride levels are found in diabetes mellitus, chronic hepatitis, alcoholism, obesity and hypothyroidism. Increased triglyceride levels lead to heart diseases & stroke.

	Increase in serum urea may occur in number of diseases in addition to those in which kidneys are primarily involved. Reduced blood flow to kidneys, shock, blood loss, dehydration, crush injuries, acute renal failure, stones in urinary tract, tumor, inflammation, diet rich in proteins etc. are some of the causes. Decreased level of urea nitrogen is associated with liver failure, over hydration, malnutrition etc.

	This test gives an indication of the degree of renal impairment. In cases of severe renal failure, creatinine may increase from normal 0.6 - 1.4 mg to 10,20,30 mg per 100 ml. Serum and 24 hrs urinary creatinine are estimated simultaneously to determine creatinine clearance, which is an indicator of filtration capacity of kidneys

	Bilirubin if accumulated in excess causes jaundice. This test is performed as a part of liver function test and also requested individually as screening test for liver disease. This test is requested to know the cause of jaundice & follow up.

	Albumin is a protein that occurs in serum portion of blood. The changing levels of serum albumin provide valuable indices of severity & progress in hepatic disease. Decreased levels of albumin may be found in certain conditions such as cirrhosis of the liver, other liver disorders causing extensive damage to the organ, malnutrition and nephrotic syndrome.

	Uric Acid is an important marker used in the diagnosis of gout. It is also increased in acute stages of infectious diseases, severe uremia, toxemia of pregnancy and leukemia. 24 hrs urinary excretion of uric acid is requested in patients with renal stones made-up of uric acid.

	Increase in both transferases is a common finding in liver diseases in which liver cells have been damaged. These tests are useful in assessing the severity and monitoring the disease. SGOT levels are increased following
	heart attack, diseases involving skeletal muscles, pulmonary embolism and acute pancreatitis. In newborn children these test are useful in classifying the cause of jaundice

	An elevated serum GGTP level is indicative of disease of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. GGTP is particularly helpful in clinical assessment of alcoholic cirrhosis. GGTP is used
		as a valuable diagnostic aid in differentiating bone and liver disease in conjunction with alkaline phosphatase.

	Request for the analysis of serum acid phosphatase is often done in male patients with suspected prostatic cancer.  Acid phosphatase is
		also present in very high concentrations in semen a
	fact utilised in forensic medicine in the investigations of rape offences.

	Elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase indicates obstructive disease of liver and biliary system (e.g. obstructive jaundice), diseases of bone such as rickets, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease of bone, bone cancer etc. The determination of tissue of origin gives more information about the underlying pathologic process.

	LDH is commonly requested enzyme marker that indicates injury to the cells. Serum LDH activity is elevated in diseases of heart involving the muscular layer, liver diseases, haemolysis, malignant diseases and disease of skeletal muscles (Progressive muscular dystrophy). The diagnostic efficiency of LDH is increased further when the fractions of LDH, which originate from different tissues, are estimated individually.

	Request for serum CPK level is made in case of suspected cases of heart attack and muscle disease. Determination of serum CPK-MB activity
		is a sensitive indicator of damage to muscular layer of heart & thus plays a major role in the differential diagnosis of
	chest pain and monitoring the response to treatment in myocardial infarction.

	Serum Iron is reduced in iron deficiency anaemia, in anaemia of chronic disorders and infections and in malignancies such as Hodgkin's disease. Measurement of serum Iron should always be combined with TIBC. TIBC-Total Iron Binding Capacity measures the transferrin concentration & its iron binding capabilities. TIBC is raised in nutritional iron deficiency and iron deficiency due to chronic blood loss, oral contraceptive use etc. Decreased levels of TIBC are caused by cancer, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

	It is an enzyme that is found in plasma which is required to inactivate a short acting anesthetic drug succinyl choline. This enzyme is deficient/inactive in a few ethnic groups, which will prolong the apnoea (apnoea:loss of breathing) when the drug is administered. This test is used as a screening procedure to assess the sensitivity of a person to succinyl choline.

	A request for serum calcium is made in patients with parathyroid diseases, Vitamin D imbalance, chronic renal failure & cancerous conditions. Low calcium value appears more frequently in osteomalacia/rickets. In case of renal failure the calcium level falls. Increased calcium levels are found in hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D intoxication. In neonates decreased calcium level is one of the important causes of convulsions.

	Serum electrolytes is an important parameter requested in any condition leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Such imbalances are found
		in diseases of kidney, adrenal glands, digestive system giving rise to massive fluid loss, severe burns, and
	diabetes insipidus. Serum electrolyte results plays an important role in management of critically ill patients.

	A significant increase of the serum inorganic phosphorus level is seen in the case of rickets associated with renal failure. Other conditions causing raised inorganic phosphate levels are respiratory acidosis, lactic acidosis and vitamin D intoxication can be associated with hypoparathyroidism. A decrease of serum inorganic phosphate could is seen in hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia (increase in serum calcium level) due to any cause and respiratory alkalosis.

	This test is performed for the diagnosis of diseases of pancreas that lead to damage of pancreatic cells ex. pancreatitis, and for the investigation of pancreas function

	Lipase is an enzyme released from damaged pancreas. This test helps in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis along with serum amylase level. Elevation in patients with mumps strongly suggests significant pancreatic as well as salivary gland involvement by the disease.

	This is an important test requested to assess the ability of kidneys to filter the blood, otherwise known as glomerular filtration rate. This test is used as a tool by clinicians to recommend dialysis/kidney transplantation to a patient in renal failure.

	Chemical analysis of a stone removed from the body gives information about the probable cause that led to stone formation and necessary precautions to be taken to prevent further recurrence.

	The laboratory testing of endocrine function and the measurement of specific hormones assist in establishing a definite diagnosis. The rapid
		development of radioimmunoassay & competitive protein binding techniques is making possible more precise identification of clinical endocrine
	abnormalities. Tumour markers are included under this class because the method used to measure them is same as that of hormones.

	It is a screening test for thyroid gland abnormalities. T4 and to some extent T3 are the hormones secreted by thyroid gland, which is regulated by a pituitary hormone TSH. Thyroid hormones affect the rate of metabolism, growth & development. Excess thyroid hormones cause thyrotoxicosis with clinical evidence of autonomic nervous system over activity and hyper metabolism. Deficiency of thyroid hormones cause failure of growth and development and mental retardation in infants and children which is known as cretinism, whereas in adults it leads to hypothyroidism, a constellation symptoms characterized by weight gain, skin changes, lethargy, intolerance to cold and menstrual irregularities.

	T3 is derived from T4. Elevation of T3 occurs in a condition called T3 toxicosis, which is one of the causes of hyperthyroidism.

	T4 is the primary thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid gland. T4 level is increased or decreased in primary thyroid disease. Non-specific elevations occur in a group of diseases unrelated to thyroid gland, which are termed as nonthyroidal illnesses. In such cases free T4, that is the fraction of T4 in blood, which is not bound to thyroid binding proteins, remains within normal limits. T4 level is also used to monitor the response to treatment in patients with primary thyroid disease.

	TSH is a hormone secreted by pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete T4 & T3. TSH level is elevated in primary
		hypothyroidism and depressed in primary hyperthyroidism. TSH alone is used as screening test to detect any thyroid abnormalities. TSH and free T4 together are
	sufficient to diagnose/rule out most of the primary thyroid disorders.

	These two hormones, collectively known as pituitary gonadotrophins, are secreted by pituitary gland and acts on testes in males and ovaries in
		females to maintain normal reproductive functions. These hormones
	estimated in blood to determine whether a gonadal insufficiency is primary or due to deficient stimulation by pituitary hormones.

	Estradiol is a hormone secreted by developing ovarian follicles under the influence of pituitary gonadotrophins. Estrone and estriol are breakdown products of estradiol. Measurement of individual estrogen or total estrogens has limited clinical utility Estrone measurement is indicated in female patients presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. Estriol is the major estrogen secreted by placenta and hence used as a marker of placental dysfunction. Estradiol level tends to fall as women reach the age of menopause. Estradiol measurement is indicated in male patients with gynecomastia (development of breast in males)

	Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by testes under the influence of pituitary gonadotrophins. Testosterone along with pituitary gonadotrophins is useful in the assessment and classification of hypogonadism (improper functioning of testes) in males. These measurements are also useful in the detection of ovarian & adrenal tumors in woman that lead to development of male sexual characteristics.

	Prolactin is a hormone secreted by pituitary gland. This investigation is helpful in the diagnosis, management & follow-up of a prolactin-secreting tumor in women who have secondary amenorrhea (absence or suppression of menses) and/or galactorrhea (secretion of milk from the breast) with hyperprolactinemia. In males prolactin measurement is indicated in cases of gynecomastia and infertility. It is also useful in differentiating major form of epileptic fits from those of minor varieties

	HGH is secreted by pituitary gland. Its main function is to stimulate growth of all nonendocrine tissues in the body. Deficiency of HGH causes dwarfism & its excess causes gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.

	Parathyroid hormone is produced by parathyroid gland and is one of the major factors involved in the regulation of calcium concentration in extracellular fluid. Investigation is of importance in distinguishing nonparathyroid from parathyroid causes of hypercalcemia (increased calcium level in the blood). Increased PTH values are seen in primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, pseudohyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, nutritional calcium deficiency etc. Decreased PTH values occur in primary hypoparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, milk alkali syndrome, vitamin D intoxication etc.

	Cortisol is a hormone secreted from adrenal gland. This is a test of adrenal gland function. Decreased levels are seen in Addison's disease, Hypothyroidism etc. Increased levels are found in stress, Cushing's syndrome etc. Single random measurement of cortisol level does not give much diagnostic information. This test will be useful only when samples are drawn from the patient at specified time in a day or conducted as a part of adrenal gland stimulation test.

	These substances are breakdown products of steroids. Their estimation is indicated in the
		screening for endocrine disturbances of the adrenal glands & testes.

	This investigation is usually needed for a person with hypertension suspected to be having a tumor of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. The test is requested most in young people with hypertension.

	This stimulates production of all adrenocortical hormones. Its deficiency causes pituitary adrenal insufficiency; its excess causes Cushing's disease.

	A fetal blood protein produced in adults by cancer cells & normally in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women, with high or low levels tending to be associated with certain birth defects. Serum AFP level is used as a tumour marker in primary liver cancer and teratoblastoma of ovary and testes.

	CEA is a protein present in fetal gut tissues during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. Cancer cells in adults produce CEA. CEA is used as tumour marker in cancer of large intestine and as supplementary tumour marker in cancers of various organs such as cervix, stomach, pancreas, ovary, prostate and liver.

	PSA is produced by prostate gland. Varying increase in PSA level is observed in disease of prostate gland with maximum increase in cancer of prostate. PSA is used as tumour marker to diagnose and to monitor the response to treatment in patients with prostatic cancer.

	Cytology is that branch of diagnostic medicine that deals with study of structural characteristics of individual cells spread on laboratory slide and stained appropriately. The material is obtained by scraping the tissue suspected to be harboring the disease, natural secretions from those organs or by aspirating through a fine needle.

	Cytological examination of the sputum is of value in the diagnosis of malignant diseases of the lower respiratory tract, pulmonary asbestosis & pulmonary fungal infections.

	Gynecological cytology has three important applications: 1)The detection of malignant lesions
		2) The assessment of hormone function
	3) The identification of vaginal infections

	Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has widened the scope of cytological examinations. Any swelling, tumorous or inflammatory in nature, superficial and easily accessible can be aspirated with ease. The aspirated material can be examined to diagnose both malignant and benign (mild) conditions.

	Histology is study of anatomy at cellular level using a microscope. When same tool is applied to study the abnormalities in tissue anatomy under disease conditions to make the diagnosis of disease, it is called histopathology. Materials used for histopathology are tissue bits obtained by biopsy and tissues/organs removed during surgery.

	Clinical pathology refers to a group of laboratory investigations, which are supposed to be done in side room, adjacent to hospital wards so as to aid in quick diagnosis of disease and consequently to start treatment at the earliest.

	Analysis of urine is one of the frequently requested test owing to the easy availability of the material and the large body of information gathered from it, which will provide a pointer towards the disease process and help in ordering further laboratory tests. Generally urine analysis is used as a preliminary screening test rather than using it as the definitive test to diagnose the disease (there are some exceptions to this statement). Analysis of urine gives information on 1) diseases of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra 2) general and systemic diseases involving whole body or some organs. By applying some special techniques, inherited diseases of metabolism can be diagnosed.

	This is a screening test for multiple myeloma. Positive test strongly suggests the presence of disease. But negative test does not rule out the disease.

	A routine examination of the stool provides diagnostic information about gut infections, obstructive jaundice, gastrointestinal tract bleeding and lactose intolerance.

	Semen examination is an integral part of the evaluation of infertility. As a result of its relative simplicity it is often requested before more complicated & expensive evaluation of the female
		partner is undertaken. The test gives qualitative and quantitative information about seminal fluid from which one can know the exact nature of problem. Post coital test is performed to
	evaluate the behavior of sperms once it enters the female genital tract. This test gives information about the adverse conditions in vagina and cervix that could hamper the sperm motility.

	Whenever there is clinical evidence of central nervous system disease, examination of CSF is indicated. CSF serves as a medium for the exchange between the blood and the brain and
		hence its analysis gives information about the possible nature of pathological process in the central nervous system. Routine examination of CSF includes - pressure, physical examination
	(appearance, color & clot ) chemical examination, cytological examination, bacteriological examination and serological examination.

	Haematology is mainly concerned with the study of cellular formed elements of blood, their number, the relative distribution of various types of cells and the structural or biochemical abnormalities that occur in blood and blood forming organs and other systemic disorders.

	Complete Blood count along with Red blood cell indices and ESR.

	Complete Blood Count includes total count, differential count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit and platelet count.

	Total count estimates the total number of white cells in a cubic millimeter of blood. It is important in the diagnosis of disease especially when accompanied by a differential white cell count. The information obtained from this test will help the doctor to differentiate between acute and chronic infections, bacterial v/s viral infections and to diagnose cancer of white blood cells

	The rate of sedimentation of RBCs estimated under standard conditions is known as the Erythrocyte
		Sedimentation Rate. It indicates the possible presence of organic disease or to follow the course of disease. Variations in ESR are of significance only in association with other
	indicators significance only in association with other indicators of infection.

	Platelet count indicates the no of platelets in circulating blood. Drop in platelet count gives rise to bleeding into the skin and internal organs. Platelet count drops in wide range of conditions involving bone marrow and spleen, tissue injury, cancer, infection, alcoholic liver disease, HIV and cancer chemotherapy.

	0Abnormal increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood is a characteristic of allergic states & various parasitic infections.

	These are immature red cells. Their number increases when there is reduction in number of red cells in the peripheral blood ex by acute loss of blood or abnormal breakdown of RBCs. The RC is of value in megaloblastic Anemia's, for improvement is indicated by a rise in reticulocytes in the peripheral blood.

	Examination of a stained film of blood under microscope reveals lot of information about various disease processes occurring in the body as well as the diseases affecting the blood cells themselves. It also reveals the presence of blood borne parasitic infections such as malaria and filariasis.

	Blood film is examined for LE cells in a collagen vascular disease called systemic lupus erythematosus. This affects women most commonly and is characterized by a skin rash, arthralgia, fever, renal, cardiac & vascular lesions, anemia etc.

	One of the classes into which individuals or their blood can be separated on the basis of the presence or absence of specific antigens in the blood The 4 blood groups are determined by the presence or absence on the RBCs of the blood groups, antigens A &B, therefore the blood group of the individual may be 1 Group A - presence of A antigen 2 Group B - presence of B antigen 3 Group AB - presence of both A & B antigen 4 Group O - absence of both A & B antigen Rh typing is done to detect an D antigen which was first detected on red cells of rhesus monkey (hence the name Rh). Its presence is taken as Rh positive and absence as Rh negative.

	This is screening test performed to detect abnormal haemoglobin known as HbS. When oxygen is liberated from HbS, it converts the red cells to sickle shaped cell instead of round shape. This phenomenon is studied on a slide under microscope.

	Haemoglobin carries out the important function of transportation of oxygen from lungs to various parts of the body. Hb estimation is the first test ordered in patients suspected to be having anaemia. Hb level is increased in polycythemia.

	Bleeding time and clotting time are two screening tests performed to evaluate the clotting mechanism of blood. This test is very important before any invasive procedure and also while
		evaluating a patient with bleeding tendency. BT is prolonged when the platelet count is decreased or when theplatelets are qualitatively abnormal.
	Prolonged CT time will be noted in deficiency of clotting factors, for eg. haemophilia. Normal clotting time is 4 to 10 minutes.

	Prothrombin time is the time required for the clotting of oxalate plasma in the presence of a standard preparation of tissue thromboplastin. The patients value is compared with the PT value of pooled plasma obtained from normal people and reported as a ratio. PT screens for the defects of extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation(coagulation factors VII, X, V & II). Prolonged PT is seen in patients on anticoagulant therapy and liver disorders. The normal PT time is about 12 to14 seconds.

	Clot Retraction is directly related to platelet count. In this method whole blood is allowed to clot spontaneously. Normally retraction of the clot from the walls of the tube starts in 30 minutes, 50% complete at the end of hour & complete in 24 hours. In abnormal conditions there is no retraction even after 24 hours. Clot Retraction is delayed in cases of patients having platelet disorders, thrombocytopenia, fibrinogenopenia & hypoprothrombinaemia.

	Certain thromboplastins lack the ability to compensate for the plasma defect of hemophilia. These thromboplastins are called partial thromboplastins & when such material is used in one stage clotting tests with addition of excess calcium the procedure is called the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or PTT). PTT detects the defects in intrinsic pathway of coagulation (coagulation factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, V & II). PT and PTT together detect 95% of all coagulation abnormalities.

	The red cells, white cells & platelets are manufactured in the bone marrow. If the manufacturing process is abnormal it may indicate disease of bone marrow. Bone marrow examination is of particular interest to the physician in the diseases such as aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, leukemia, purpura haemorrhagica, agranulocytosis, lymphoma, iron overload & multiple myeloma.

	The study of microbes is very important because diseases caused by microbes are potentially curable and preventable. Microbiology has very close link with curative medicine in regard to the precise diagnosis & the rational treatment of diseases.

	Culture is isolation of bacteria causing infection on an artificial medium and sensitivity is detecting the antibiotic to which the isolated bacteria is most sensitive. Materials used are - PUS, BLOOD, URINE, FAECES, SPUTUM and BODY FLUIDS. Cultural examination of the urine is done for the diagnosis of enteric fevers, as also, for the detection of urinary carriers of these infections.Bacterimia is an important part of any systemic infection & hence blood culture acquires significance. Blood culture permits the prompt commencement of specific treatment against the offending organism & may prove to be life saving. Bacterimia occurs in pneumococcal pneumonia, Bacterial meningitis, Urinary tract infections, enteric fever etc.

	It is one of the most frequently used stains. Bacterial identification is aided by their staining reactions. Gram staining is done to show the presence of organisms & the nature of the cellular contents

	It is an abnormal structure or foreign cell within a cell/ an intracellular body that is characteristic of some virus diseases & is the site of virus multiplication.

	This method is used to observe the morphology (form and structure of an organism or any of its parts) but also demonstrates the motility of organisms.

	Serology is that branch of science dealing with serum & especially their reactions & properties. Immunology is that branch of science that deals with the immune system & immune responses.

	This test is done to detect, identify and quantitate specific antibody in serum samples from patients suffering from (suspected) enteric fever or pyrexia of unknown origin.

	Brucella is a nonmotile bacteria that cause disease in humans. This test is aimed at detecting the antibody to brucella.

	This test is done to detect the presence of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in serum

	CRP is a plasma protein only to be found in low concentrations in the serum of healthy subjects. The detection of CRP is more sensitive & more reliable indicator for inflammatory diseases & in malignant tumors.

	The detection of rheumatoid factors is of high diagnostic value in the diagnostic value in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis arrived at on the basis of case history, clinical findings & possibly X-Ray.

	VDRL test has been the most popular screening test for the diagnosis of syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by direct, but sometimes by indirect contact. The causative organism Treponema pallidum has the power of gaining entrance to the body through minute lesions of the skin or mucus membrane. VDRL is non-specific test and reactive samples have to be subjected to specific tests for syphilis

	This is a specific test for syphilis. Commonly employed procedure is Treponema Pallidum Heamagglutination test (TPHA)

	Toxoplasmosis is a common infectious disease in human. This test provides quantitative measurement of human anti taxo IgG and IgM. Transmission to humans happens mainly by eating raw or under cooked contaminated meat or by close contact with contaminated material, specially cat litter.

	Rubella is a herpes virus. Infection with rubella in children and adult is a disease characterized by an erythematous rash, mild upper respiratory symptoms and lymphadenopathy. This test provides a reliable method for the diagnosis of acute rubella infections screening for rubella immunity, diagnosis for congenital infections and vaccination follow up.

	It is a herpes virus, which usually causes sub clinical or mild disorders in humans. CMV can also cause conginental abnormalities including mental deficiency and deafness in infants infected in utero.

	It is an inflammatory virus disease of the skin characterized by groups of watery blisters on the skin or mucous membranes above the waist & in the other by such blisters on the genitals.

	It is a test which will detect antibodies to four organisms namely toxoplasma, rubella, CMV, and Herpes simplex virus. Infection with these viruses can cause congenital anomalies.

	It is test using an antiglobulin serum to detect the antibody coating the surface of red cells against D antigen or Rh factor. Coomb's test direct is done to identify hemolytic diseases of the newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, to identify incompatible blood transfusion and drug induced hemolytic anemia. Coomb's indirect test is one of the most reliable methods for cross matching. It is frequently used for determination of certain blood factors for duffy, kell and kidd.

	This test is conducted to confirm tuberculosis.

	This test is performed as a screening procedure for Hepatitis B virus infection either past or present.

	This test is a rapid visual sensitive and accurate
		immuno assay for the combined detection of HIV I and II Antibodies in human serum or plasma.